VICTORY, J.*

In this medical malpractice case, the jury found Morehouse General Hospital ("Morehouse") committed four acts of malpractice that caused injury to an infant, Garrett Johnson, and found Dr. John Ziegler was negligent in his care of the infant's mother, Belinda Johnson. The jury apportioned 80% of the fault to Morehouse and 20% of the fault to Dr. Ziegler. The court of appeal found the jury was manifestly erroneous in finding Morehouse liable for three of the four acts of negligence, and held that Morehouse was 20% at fault and Dr. Ziegler was 80% at fault. We granted a writ application to consider whether the court of appeal properly modified the jury verdict. After considering the record and the law, we find that the court of appeal was correct in finding that Morehouse was only liable for one act of negligence; however, we disagree with its apportionment of fault and find Morehouse and Ziegler each to be 50% at fault.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On November 1, 1999, Belinda Johnson ("Johnson"), an insulin-dependent diabetic, was 36½ weeks pregnant. Because pregnancies in insulin-dependent diabetics are considered high-risk, diabetic mothers often have a cesarean section ("C-section") performed shortly after the baby's lungs are proven to have matured. When Johnson realized she had not felt fetal movement for two days, she made an appointment with her obstetrician, Dr. Ziegler.1 Dr. Ziegler performed an amniocentesis at Morehouse on November 2, 1999. After the amniocentesis was performed, Dr. Ziegler ordered an amniostat, which is a laboratory study analyzing the amniotic fluid obtained during the amniocentesis. The amniostat tests for phosphatidylglycerol (PG), the presence of which protein could indicate fetal lung maturity. The amniostat was performed at Morehouse on November 2, and the results were communicated to Dr. Ziegler that day. The results of the amniostat were negative for PG, indicating that the baby's lungs had not fully developed. Dr. Ziegler's orders to hospital staff were if the amniostat was negative, the hospital was to send the fluid off for a lecithin to sphingomyelin ration ("L/S ratio") test, a more advanced test to determine lung maturity, and for a more sophisticated PG test. His orders stated: "Call me when amniotic fluid report is back." The Morehouse lab sent the amniotic fluid to its reference lab in Texas for the ordered L/S ratio and PG tests. The results of the PG and L/S ratio tests were transmitted back to Morehouse at 3:28 p.m. on the following day, November 3, 1999. The tests reported a low positive of PG and a L/S ratio greater than 2.5 to 1, indicating that the baby's lungs had matured. These results were not reported to Dr. Ziegler that day.

At approximately 8:00 p.m. that evening, Johnson was admitted to Morehouse with complaints of back pain and pelvic pressure and was placed on a fetal heart monitor, which charted the baby's heart rate in the 140s to 150s and also noted some long term variability, but no accelerations or decelerations in the baby's heart rate.2 When Dr. Ziegler saw Johnson in the hospital that evening, he had not received the results of the PG and L/S ratio tests, nor had he inquired about their status. Since he felt the fetal heart monitor did not show any irregularities requiring an immediate C-section, Dr. Ziegler stabilized Johnson and sent her home at about 10:20 p.m.

Dr. Ziegler received the results from the PG and L/S ratio tests at approximately 9:00 a.m. on November 4, 1999. Johnson was scheduled for an office visit at noon that day, during which time Dr. Ziegler again placed her on a fetal heart monitor and performed a biophysical examination of Johnson and the unborn baby. The biophysical profile rating was a four out of ten. According to testimony, that rating did not indicate the need for an emergent C-section but indicated the need for another biophysical profile in a few hours, and if that later score did not improve, the obstetrician should proceed with a C-section. Dr. Ziegler opined that Johnson's biophysical profile and fetal heart monitor at the time of her appointment revealed the baby was in a healthy state with no indication of distress. Even though Dr. Ziegler had received the test results showing the baby's lungs had matured, he did not schedule a C-section until 6:00 p.m. on November 4. Dr. Ziegler explained he did not schedule the C-section immediately because the baby was stabilized during the office visit, Johnson had just eaten lunch, there were no operating rooms available at Morehouse to perform the surgery, and Dr. John Coats, IV, a physician scheduled to attend and assist Dr. Ziegler in the delivery, would not be available until later in the day.

At approximately 3:30 p.m. that afternoon, Johnson was admitted to the hospital and prepped for surgery by Nurse Gwen Stephenson. Sometime between her admission and 4:00 p.m., she was placed on the fetal heart monitor. There is conflicting testimony regarding when the fetal heart monitor tracings began to show signs of fetal distress. Dr. Ziegler was not initially notified of any abnormalities that may have appeared on the monitor tracings, and he finished seeing patients at his office before attending to Johnson at the hospital. After arriving at her hospital room, Dr. Ziegler discussed and reviewed the tubal ligation procedure with Johnson, which was to be performed after the C-section. Johnson signed the consent forms for the C-section and the tubal ligation procedures at approximately 5:30 p.m. At 5:34 p.m., Nurse Lori Priestley alerted Dr. Ziegler, who was sitting on the side of Johnson's hospital bed, of the decrease in the fetal heart rate to the 80s. In an effort to find a stronger heart beat, Dr. Ziegler adjusted the monitor and ordered the administration of Brethine, a drug which slows or stops contractions in an effort to relieve stress on the placenta and, therefore, the baby's oxygen supply. Dr. Ziegler, along with Dr. Coats, who had arrived to attend the scheduled C-section, and Nurse Priestley, rushed Johnson to the operating room and performed the C-section shortly thereafter, at around 6:00 p.m. Garrett Johnson was born with no heart beat and no respiration and with only a pulse detected in the umbilical cord. Dr. Coats successfully resuscitated Garrett, who regained his respiratory rate and his heart rate, and, once stabilized, was transferred to the St. Francis Hospital NICU. It was later determined he sustained severe brain damage in utero and suffered the complications of cerebral palsy, caused by hypoxia or lack of oxygen to the brain.

Johnson filed a malpractice complaint with the Louisiana Patients' Compensation Fund against Dr. Ziegler and Morehouse. She voluntarily dismissed her claim against Dr. Ziegler, however, upon his execution of an affidavit, in which he swore that if he had been made aware of the laboratory results on the evening of November 3, 1999, he would have performed the C-section at that time.3 As a result, the Medical Review Panel only reviewed the actions of the nurses at Morehouse. The Medical Review Panel, consisting of three obstetricians/gynecologists, unanimously found the evidence did not support the conclusion that Morehouse or its employees failed to meet the applicable standard of care in the treatment of Johnson.

The panel provided three reasons to support its conclusions. First, it found Morehouse promptly performed the amniostat and promptly reported the result to Dr. Ziegler. The amniotic fluid was then immediately sent by Morehouse's laboratory to the outside reference laboratory for the L/S ratio test and the patient was discharged from Morehouse later that day. Second, the panel found Morehouse received the results of the L/S ratio test at 3:28 p.m. on November 3, but Dr. Ziegler was unaware of the test results when Johnson returned to Morehouse that evening at approximately 8:00 p.m. The panel found Morehouse did not have a duty on November 3, to report the laboratory information to Dr. Ziegler since Johnson had been discharged from the hospital on November 2, 1999. Third, the panel found the care of Johnson during her hospitalization at Morehouse was within the standard of care for hospital staff, nurses, and other personnel.

After the Medical Review Panel issued its opinion, Mr. and Mrs. Johnson, individually and on behalf of their minor son, Garrett, filed this suit against Morehouse and Dr. Ziegler on October 27, 2000. On August 8, 2003, Dr. Ziegler filed several exceptions, including res judicata, estoppel, prescription, and prematurity. Dr. Ziegler asserted that as a result of a compromise agreement with the plaintiffs, he had executed an affidavit and the plaintiffs had dismissed all claims against him with prejudice, by a letter dated January 28, 2002, addressed to the Patients' Compensation Fund. On November 12, 2003, the trial court sustained Dr. Ziegler's exceptions of res judicata and prescription and dismissed all claims against him with prejudice at the plaintiffs' cost. The case continued to trial against Morehouse as the only defendant.

On January 13, 2007, approximately six years after suit was filed, there was a trial on the matter, and the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiffs, finding Morehouse committed four acts of malpractice. The jury found the Morehouse nurses' conduct fell below the standard of care in failing to notify Dr. Ziegler of the laboratory results when they were received at 3:28 p.m. on November 3, 1999, in failing to notify him of the results when he was evaluating Johnson at Morehouse that evening around 8:00 p.m., and in failing to notify him of the results promptly on the morning of November 4. The jury also found the Morehouse nurses' conduct fell below the standard of care in failing to promptly report irregularities on the fetal heart monitor to Dr. Ziegler on November 4. The jury found each of these acts caused injury, loss, or damage to Garrett.

In addition, the jury found Dr. Ziegler's conduct fell below the applicable standard of care in his treatment of Johnson and that his actions contributed to the child's injuries but were not a superceding cause of them. The jury allocated 80% of the fault to Morehouse and 20% of the fault to Dr. Ziegler4 and awarded damages in the amount of $4,379,946.10. The jury further found the child was a patient in need of continuing medical care for the brain damage and other medical problems that he suffered at birth. On July 23, 2007, the trial judge reduced the damages to $643,946.10 ($500,000.00 for a single cap and $143,946.10 for past medical expenses), with legal interest, to comply with the provisions of the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act ("LMMA").5 The trial judge also found the child was a patient in need of continuing medical care, with such expenses to be paid by the Patients' Compensation Fund as they are incurred in the future, in accordance with the LMMA. Morehouse filed a motion for new trial, which was denied by the trial judge.

The Second Circuit Court of Appeal held the jury manifestly erred in finding Morehouse liable for failing to report the laboratory test results to Dr. Ziegler when they received the results at 3:28 p.m. on November 3, 1999, when Johnson was in the hospital later that evening, or promptly the next morning. Johnson v. Morehouse General Hosp., 44,798 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/22/09), 27 So.3d 1085. Based on Dr. Ziegler's testimony that when he saw Johnson for her appointment at his office three hours after receiving the laboratory results, her biophysical profile and fetal heart monitor tracings both indicated the baby was in good, stable health, and not in distress, the court of appeal determined the baby was healthy at that time. Accordingly, the court of appeal found that the baby's healthy state at that time, three hours after Morehouse's delayed reporting of the laboratory results, indicated that Morehouse's failure to notify Dr. Ziegler on any of the three occasions prior to 9:00 a.m. on November 4, 1999, even if considered to be an unreasonable delay in reporting, did not cause or contribute to the child's injuries. Id. at 1092. However, the court of appeal found no manifest error in the jury's finding that Morehouse was negligent for failing to report the irregularities on the fetal heart monitor to Dr. Ziegler at 3:47 p.m. on November 4, which continued for almost an hour and a half before he was notified.

The court of appeal also agreed with the jury's finding that Dr. Ziegler was negligent in his treatment of Johnson. The court of appeal found that once Dr. Ziegler was made aware of the laboratory results at 9:00 a.m. on November 4, 1999, he could have scheduled a C-section immediately, but he chose not to schedule it until approximately nine hours later. Dr. Ziegler gave several reasons for delaying the C-section, but the court of appeal found his reasons were discredited by the testimony of several witnesses.

Relying upon expert medical testimony and Dr. Ziegler's own testimony that he knew about the high risk of complications associated with Johnson's pregnancy, the court of appeal agreed with the jury's finding that Dr. Ziegler was negligent in his treatment of Johnson. However, the court of appeal disagreed with the jury's finding that Dr. Ziegler's negligence was not a superceding cause of the child's injuries. Because Dr. Ziegler could have delivered the baby safely at any time between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. on November 4, 1999, and chose not to for reasons that were discredited at trial, the court of appeal found that Dr. Ziegler's negligence was a superceding cause of the child's injuries.

After finding Morehouse only committed one act of malpractice and finding Dr. Ziegler's negligence was a superceding cause of the child's injuries, the court of appeal reapportioned fault between Morehouse and Dr. Ziegler. The court of appeal allocated 20% of the fault to Morehouse and 80% of the fault to Dr. Ziegler and found no manifest error in the jury's finding that the child was a patient in need of continuing medical care. The court of appeal also found the trial judge erred in failing to disqualify Dr. William K. Hardin, Sr., from testifying as a medical expert, in accordance with La. R.S. 9:2794(D), because he was not practicing medicine at the time of the incident in 1999 or of the trial in 2007. However, given the totality of the evidence, the court of appeal found Dr. Hardin's testimony did not appear to have a substantial effect on the outcome of the case, and therefore, allowing him to testify was harmless error.6

Both parties filed writ applications with this Court. Morehouse asserts that the record did not support the court of appeal's findings that the fetal heart monitor began to show signs of severe intrauterine distress at 3:47 p.m. on November 4, and that Morehouse's delay in notifying Dr. Ziegler of the readings caused Garrett's injuries. Morehouse also argues that the court of appeal erred in finding the improper admission of Dr. Hardin's testimony was harmless error, asserting he was the only expert who testified that the fetal distress began before 5:00 p.m. and both the jury and the court of appeal adopted his opinion as fact. Finally, Morehouse alleges that the prejudicial statements made by plaintiffs' counsel during opening and closing arguments tainted the jury verdict.

The Johnsons argue that the court of appeal erred in reversing the jury's findings that the failures of Morehouse to notify Dr. Ziegler of the L/S ratio and PG test results was a breach of the standard of care and caused damage to the child and that the negligence of Dr. Ziegler was not a superceding cause. They also urge that the courts of appeal erred in substituting its own judgment in connection with the allocation of fault and in reassessing fault 80% to Dr. Ziegler and 20% to Morehouse. The Johnsons also allege that the court of appeal misinterpreted and erroneously applied La. R.S. 9:2794(D) to Dr. Hardin and that he was qualified to testify as an expert in this case. The two writs were granted and consolidated. Johnson v. Morehouse General Hosp., 10-0387 c/w 10-0488 (La.5/7/10), 34 So.3d 852, 853.7

DISCUSSION

When a medical malpractice action is brought against a physician, the plaintiff must establish the standard of care applicable to the physician, a violation of that standard of care by the physician, and a causal connection between the physician's alleged negligence and the plaintiff's resulting injuries. See La. R.S. 9:2794(A);8 Schultz v. Guoth, 10-0343 (La.1/19/11), 57 So.3d 1002; Pfiffner v. Correa, 94-0924 (La.10/17/94), 643 So.2d 1228, 1233. It is also well-settled that nurses who perform medical services are subject to the same standards of care and liability as are physicians. Cangelosi v. Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, 564 So.2d 654, 661 (La.1989). Thus, in a medical malpractice action against a hospital, the plaintiff must prove that the hospital caused the injury when it breached its duty. Id. Expert testimony is generally required, except where the negligence is so obvious that a lay person can infer negligence without the guidance of expert testimony. Schultz, supra; Samaha v. Rau, 07-1726 (La.2/26/08), 977 So.2d 880, 883.

Appellate review of a trial court's findings in a medical malpractice action is limited. It is well settled that a court of appeal may not set aside a jury's finding of fact in the absence of manifest error or unless it is clearly wrong, and reasonable inferences of fact should not be disturbed upon review, even though the appellate court may feel that its own evaluations and inferences are reasonable. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989). In reviewing a factfinder's factual conclusions, an appellate court must satisfy a two-step process based on the record as a whole: there must be no reasonable factual basis for the trial court's conclusion, and the finding must be clearly wrong. Kaiser v. Hardin, 06-2092 (La.4/11/07), 953 So.2d 802, 810; Guillory v. Insurance Co. of North America, 96-1084 (La.4/8/97), 692 So.2d 1029, 1031. Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder's choice between them cannot be manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong. Arceneaux v. Domingue, 365 So.2d 1330, 1333 (La.1978). However, if a witness's story is so internally inconsistent or implausible on its face that a reasonable fact finder would not credit the witness's story, the court of appeal may well find manifest error or clear wrongness even in a finding purportedly based on a credibility determination. Rosell, supra at 845.

The admissibility of the expert testimony of Dr. Hardin

As a preliminary matter, we first address the qualifications of Dr. Hardin to testify. The plaintiffs tendered Dr. Hardin as an expert medical doctor specializing in the fields of gynecology and obstetrics. La. R.S. 9:2794(D)(1) provides:

Morehouse objected to Dr. Hardin's testimony, arguing he was not qualified because he had not delivered a child since the end of 1992 and had no patients since 1992; therefore, he was not actively practicing in the area of obstetrics and gynecology at the time of the event or at the time of trial.

Dr. Hardin testified that he practiced obstetrics and gynecology in Shreveport, Louisiana from 1977 until 1992 when he was severely injured in a hunting accident, rendering him unable to perform surgery or deliver babies. He testified he was the past chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at both P & S Hospital and Christus Schumpert Medical Center in Shreveport. After his accident, he moved to Colorado and has not practiced obstetrics and gynecology since his accident. He further testified:

After Morehouse maintained its objection on the grounds that Dr. Hardin was not actively practicing in the area of obstetrics and gynecology, the trial judge dismissed the jury and discussed the matter with counsel and requested further questioning on the issue of his qualifications. Dr. Hardin then stated that he was competent to testify regarding fetal heart monitor strips because the same machines used then are used today. He explained that he had gone to continuing medical education programs since 1992, primarily in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology. In addition, he testified he was just as qualified to render an opinion as someone who was actively practicing obstetrics today because "it's almost like riding a bicycle. . . [y]ou don't forget and nothing has changed." Finally, he testified that in 1999, he was taking care of friends and neighbors, and at the time of trial he was doing the same: "Attending friends, neighbors. I don't receive pay. It's good Samaritan type care." When the trial judge asked if the standard of care that he would testify to had changed since he was disabled in 1992, Dr. Hardin answered that it had not changed, and explained how he knew this:

After receiving this testimony, the trial judge ruled as follows:

Morehouse noted its objection for the record.

A district court is accorded broad discretion in determining whether expert testimony should be held admissible and who should or should not be permitted to testify as an expert. Cheairs v. State ex rel. Dep't of Transp. & Dev., 03-681 (La.12/3/03), 861 So.2d 536, 541 (cites omitted). A trial court's decision to qualify an expert will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. Id.

The challenge to Dr. Hardin's qualifications is that he was not "practicing medicine at the time such testimony is given or was practicing medicine at the time the claim arose" as required by La. R.S. 9:2794(D)(1)(a). Subsection D of La. R.S. 9:2794, which contains this requirement, was added by Acts 2003, No. 581, § 1, to provide basic standards for the qualifications for expert witnesses in medical malpractice cases. Minutes of Meeting, House Committee on Civil Law and Procedure, May 12, 2003. According to the Minutes, retired physicians and graduates of non-accredited medical schools are not qualified to serve as expert witnesses under La. R.S. 9:2794 as amended.

Dr. Hardin's testimony indicated he was disabled but practiced "good Samaritan" type medicine from his home in Colorado, caring for neighbors and friends. He retained his medical licenses and kept abreast of current developments by attending continuing education seminars. The trial judge found that he was qualified, determining he was practicing medicine at the time the claim arose and the time of his testimony, although Dr. Hardin was not practicing obstetrics and gynecology. Considering that even training residents are "practicing medicine," and considering Dr. Hardin's significant training by virtue of his continuing education efforts, the trial judge exercised his gatekeeping function and allowed his testimony.

In our view, this was not an abuse of discretion. The statute does not require that the prospective expert be actively practicing medicine in an organized practice at the time of the incident or at trial. While the statute would not allow retired physicians to testify, in this case Dr. Hardin has maintained his medical licenses, continued to treat patients, albeit gratuitously, and kept up with his continuing education. As the admissibility of his testimony is within the trial court's broad discretion, we see no abuse of discretion in this ruling. In any event, as will be seen from the discussion below, because we find that any negligence in not reporting the lab results timely did not cause or contribute to Garrett's injuries as Dr. Ziegler failed to deliver the baby even after he received the results, Dr. Hardin's testimony regarding the hospital's negligence for this conduct was ultimately irrelevant and therefore its admission, even if erroneous, was harmless. In addition, La. R.S. 9:2794(D)(1) provides criteria for experts seeking to testify on the issue of "whether the physician departed from accepted standards of medical care." The testimony Morehouse is contesting, i.e., Dr. Hardin's testimony that the fetal heart rate monitor strips began to show abnormalities at 3:47, is expert testimony interpreting the strips, not testimony showing that Dr. Ziegler departed from accepted standards of medical care. Further, regarding the hospital's negligence in failing to alert Dr. Ziegler as to abnormalities in the fetal heart rate monitor strips, as will be discussed further, there was a reasonable factual basis in the record based on the testimony of Dr. Jason Wilson and Nurse Stephenson for the jury to find that the hospital breached the applicable standard of care and that this breach was a cause of plaintiffs' damages, even in the absence of Dr. Hardin's testimony.

The jury's findings that the Morehouse nurses' conduct fell below the standard of care in failing to timely notify Dr. Ziegler of the PG and L/S ratio laboratory results

The Johnsons claim that the court of appeal erred in overturning the jury's findings that the Morehouse nurses' conduct in failing to timely notify Dr. Ziegler of the laboratory results from the PG and L/S ratio tests fell below the standard of care and caused or contributed to Garrett's injuries.

In this case, there was a reasonable factual basis for the jury to conclude that the hospital's failure to convey the lab results for the PG and L/S ratio tests in a timely manner was a breach of the applicable standard of care. Plaintiffs presented the expert testimony of three physicians to establish the hospital and its personnel breached the applicable standard of care in failing to promptly convey the results of these lab tests: Dr. Aristoteles Pena-Miches, Garrett's treating pediatric neurologist, Dr. Hardin, and Dr. Robert Katz, a pediatric pulmonologist. The sum of this testimony was that the L/S ratio test was the "gold standard" for determining lung maturity, was never routine, and was necessary to determine whether this baby could be safely delivered. This testimony established the standard of care for reporting the results of these tests was that they be reported by the hospital to the doctor almost immediately, especially in light of Dr. Ziegler's orders to "Call me when amniotic fluid report is back." Despite testimony from Nurse Stephenson, who cared for Johnson when she was admitted to the hospital on the afternoon of November 4, Nancy Cook, tendered as an expert in "Clinical Laboratory Science," and Dr. Jason Wilson, tendered as an expert in "obstetrics and gynecology," each of whom testified that the hospital lab did not have a duty to report the lab results on November 3, 1999, there was ample evidence in the record to support the jury's findings that the hospital breached the applicable standard of care in failing to report the laboratory results on November 3, 1999, or promptly on November 4.

The jury's findings that the Morehouse nurses' conduct in failing to notify Dr. Ziegler of the PG and L/S ratio laboratory results caused injury to Garrett

The jury answered jury interrogatories 2, 4, and 6 in the affirmative, finding that the hospital's failure to timely report the lab results when received at 3:28 p.m. on November, 3, 1999, when Johnson was in the emergency room on the evening of November 3, and promptly on the morning of November 4, did "cause any loss, injury or damage to Jonathon Johnson, Belinda Johnson or Garrett Johnson." The court of appeal reversed, finding the baby's healthy state three hours after the lab results were reported to Dr. Ziegler indicated the hospital's failure to timely notify, even if considered to be an unreasonably delayed reporting, was not a cause of the loss, damages or injuries sustained by plaintiffs. 27 So.3d at 1092. The court of appeal also found that Dr. Ziegler's failure to deliver the baby when he was made aware of the lab reports was negligent and was a superceding cause of the injuries. Id. The Johnsons assign this as error.

The testimony was uncontradicted that the baby's health at the time Dr. Ziegler examined Johnson during her appointment at around noon on November 4, was not critical. Dr. Ziegler testified that Johnson's biophysical profile and baseline heart rate did not indicate a "baby that was crashing" and indicated she "could have a little while to be stabilized, get her IV, antibiotics, everything and everybody get there." According to Dr. Ziegler, "the condition of the baby changed between the time she was in the office and the time she was at the hospital." Dr. Pena-Miches testified that he thought the baby was okay at the time of her appointment and that the problems developed soon before birth. Dr. Hardin testified that he thought the baby was in urgent, not emergent, delivery status on November 3 and on the morning of November 4, and that the baby's condition changed between the time of Johnson's appointment and when she arrived at the hospital a few hours later. Although both these doctors testified that the hospital's delayed notification of the results caused the baby's injuries, neither explained how that could be given their testimony that the baby was not critical when Dr. Ziegler received the lab reports on the morning of the 4th or when he examined Johnson at midday, but he nonetheless failed to deliver the baby.

We recognize Dr. Ziegler stated in a affidavit that had the results been made available to him when they were reported to the hospital on November 3, he would have delivered the baby during the evening of November 3. However, the assertions in this affidavit are belied by the fact that even after he received the results on the morning of November 4 and had ample opportunity to schedule an immediate C-section, he did not do so. Instead, he testified that he did not schedule the C-section until the evening of November 4 due to the lack of an operating room, the unavailability of Dr. Coats, and because Johnson had taken her insulin and just eaten when he saw her in his office at noon. However, all of these reasons for not scheduling a C-section earlier in the day, at which time the testimony indicated the baby could have been delivered in a healthy state, were discredited. Dr. Coats testified that if Dr. Ziegler had wanted to perform the C-section earlier in the day, he would have rushed to the hospital to assist in the surgery, regardless of whether he had patients to see at his office. Dr. Wilson testified it was customary for operating rooms to become available when an obstetrician needs to perform a C-section immediately. Nurse Lori Priestly, one of Johnson's nurses on November 4, testified that if a physician needs to perform a C-section immediately, other cases are bumped or delayed. Theresa Hankins, the operating room coordinator at Morehouse, also testified that two of the operating rooms were available from 2:00 p.m. on November 4, and that all but one of the surgeries scheduled that day would have been postponed if Dr. Ziegler needed to perform the C-section sooner. Nurse Priestly also testified that on November 4, she personally asked Johnson when she had last eaten, and Johnson's medical charts reflect that Johnson had not eaten since 8:30 that morning. Thus, all of Dr. Ziegler's reasons for not performing the C-section sooner were discredited by the testimony at trial. Further, during cross-examination, Dr. Ziegler was a reluctant and evasive witness. Despite persistent questioning, he refused to admit that he could have scheduled the C-section any time between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. that afternoon, when the child was not in distress. It was not until the trial judge threatened him with contempt of court and incarceration that he finally admitted that he could have performed the C-section earlier in the day on November 4.9

Based on the above, we find that jury was manifestly erroneous in finding that the hospital's delayed notification of the lab results caused injury to Garrett. Given the undisputed testimony that Garrett could have been safely delivered earlier in the day on the 4th, and that Dr. Ziegler did not schedule a C-section until 9 hours after he received the lab results despite the compelling testimony that he could have, we find there was no reasonable factual basis upon which the jury could have found that the delayed notification caused Garrett's injuries. Therefore, we affirm the court of appeal's finding on this issue.

The jury's findings that the Morehouse nurses' conduct in failing to notify Dr. Ziegler of abnormalities on the fetal heart tracings on November 4, 1999, fell below the applicable standard of care and caused the injury to Garrett

The court of appeal affirmed the jury's findings that the Morehouse nurses should have notified Dr. Ziegler of abnormalities on the fetal heart tracings when she was hooked up to the fetal heart monitor on the afternoon of November 4, 1999, and that this failure caused Garrett's injuries. 27 So.3d at 1093-94. In reaching this determination, the court of appeal found the abnormalities began "at approximately 3:47 p.m. on November 4, 1999, and lasted for over an hour prior to Dr. Ziegler's arrival at Mrs. Johnson's room." Id. at 1093.

Morehouse argues that the record does not support the court of appeal's finding that the fetal heart monitor began to show signs of severe intrauterine distress at 3:47 p.m. on November 4. Further, Morehouse argues the plaintiffs failed to carry their burden of proof that Morehouse's delay in notifying Dr. Ziegler of the readings caused Garrett's injuries.10

The validity of the jury's finding on the issue of negligence relating to the fetal heart rate monitor strips is dependent on a determination of when the baby's condition changed from possibly urgent, as it was when Johnson was examined at Dr. Ziegler's office around noon on November 4, 1999, to critical, such that an emergent C-section became necessary. The testimony on this issue was conflicting. It was also highly confusing because of bad record keeping on the part of the hospital.

Dr. Hardin testified that when Johnson was seen by Dr. Ziegler at around 1:00 p.m. on November 4, the baby was not critical, as the "beat to beat variability[11] is still good so that makes it not emergent still urgent."12

Dr. Hardin testified as to the baby's condition when Johnson returned to the hospital on the afternoon of November 4, as directed:

Later, Dr. Hardin clarified that Dr. Ziegler should have been notified by "3:55 or so" because it would take approximately 10 minutes to evaluate it and see a pattern. Dr. Hardin concluded that the nurses' failure to notify Dr. Ziegler of the abnormalities on the fetal heart monitor strips until 5:1014 was a breach of the nurses' standard of care and was a cause of plaintiffs' damages.

Dr. Ziegler testified that he ordered that Johnson be placed on a fetal heart rate monitor for 30 minutes upon admission and if the readings were normal, the rhythm strip on the monitor could be discontinued. He testified he arrived at the hospital on the 4th "sometime after 5:00 o'clock" after he had finished seeing patients at the clinic, and that he received no notification from the hospital nursing staff that there were abnormalities shown on the heart monitor strip before he arrived at the hospital. Johnson's chart reflects that at 5:34 p.m.:

While he was not asked to interpret the readings on the strip during that time, Dr. Ziegler testified as follows:

In conclusion, when asked his opinion whether Morehouse deviated from the applicable medical standards, Dr. Ziegler answered: "That's hard to say. I don't know all the legal terms. I just know patients that are in the hospital expect to have good care or safe care. In this unusual situation I don't think the patient got that."

Johnson testified relevant to the timing of when the baby became critical and the timing of the events after she was admitted to the hospital on the 4th. Johnson testified in her deposition that she felt the baby move on the morning of the 4th, and again that afternoon while she was home packing she "noticed normal fetal movement." Johnson testified she arrived at the hospital sometime between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. on the 4th for her scheduled C-section and that Dr. Ziegler arrived between 5:00 and 5:30. She remembered the following:

In support of Morehouse, Dr. Wilson, a member of the medical review panel, testified consistent with the panel's opinion that the nurses' care was within the applicable standard of care. He testified that, like Dr. Ziegler, he relied on his nursing staff to interpret the fetal heart rate monitor strips and notify him "what's going on on the strip." Regarding the strips taken during Johnson's office visit on November 4, he testified there was not enough on there for him to render an opinion. Regarding the strips taken from the hospital on the evening of November 3, and the evening of November 4, Dr. Wilson testified:

As can be seen from the above testimony, Dr. Wilson acknowledged that by 4:35, although the heart rate was in the 120s, it was almost a flat line indicating no reactivity and no decels behind the contractions, either indicating the baby was sleeping or "something . . . bad could possibly be going wrong." The testimony of Dr. Hardin and Dr. Wilson is conflicting as to when the Johnson was placed on the fetal heart rate monitor. Dr. Wilson's timing assumes that the monitoring began at 4:00, as this was the time "written in" on the strip by Nurse Priestly,15 whereas Dr. Hardin's testimony that it began at 3:47 was from his interpretation of the monitor recording itself. If the monitor began at 3:47, as reflected in the monitor recordings, then Dr. Wilson's testimony that the flat line began at 4:35 would be inaccurate, as under his interpretation of the readings the flat line would have actually begun at 4:23. If the monitor really did begin at 4:00, then Dr. Hardin's testimony would have been that the baby was critical at 4:00, as he testified the baby was critical when the readings began.

Morehouse also presented the testimony of Nurse Stephenson, tendered as an expert in obstetrical nursing, in an attempt to prove that Dr. Ziegler was in the room when the fetal heart rate monitor strips began to indicate the baby was in acute distress and that therefore, she had no duty to notify him of the abnormalities. Nurse Stephenson testified that she hooked Johnson up to the fetal monitor "[i]nitially upon admit" on the 4th. She "logged into the computer" at 3:35 and began taking down information from Johnson relevant to her upcoming surgery. She testified that when she put her on the fetal monitor there was "minimal variability." She further testified that Dr. Ziegler was in the room at that time, i.e., when the monitor was initially turned on and she was inserting an IV into Johnson in preparation for the surgery. Regarding Dr. Ziegler's orders upon Johnson's admittance, Nurse Stephenson testified:

She testified she was concerned about the lack of variability "but the fact that he had seen her in the office helped my feelings and then also there's a sleep state, if babies go to sleep then they're heart rate does kind of level out and that causes this minimal variability . . ." Reviewing her nurse's notes chronologically, she testified that the next entry showed the baby's heart rate was okay and "had some variability but it's minimal," explaining "[w]e normally like to see average, ten to fifteen beats a minute and this is three to five which could be explained by a sleep state or some problems." Again, she testified that Dr. Ziegler was in the room at that time. She then explained there was a computer glitch and she had to be re-entered into the computer at 4:34 p.m., while Dr. Ziegler was still in the room. She testified the admissions process was completed at 5:00 p.m. At that time, she left and "Dr. Ziegler was sitting on the bed, on the foot of the bed." She testified that Nurse Priestly then took over Johnson's care.

Nurse Stephenson was questioned about what she noticed on the monitor when Johnson was first admitted and why she did not notify Dr. Ziegler of the abnormalities on the strips:

On cross-examination, Nurse Stephenson again testified she put Johnson on the monitor at 4:00 and Dr. Ziegler walked in while she was inserting the IV. She explained that although her charting indicated the monitor was hooked up at 3:35, she actually just began the charting at 3:35 and everything she did thereafter was done "under the umbrella of 1535." However, she could not point to any documentation that showed the fetal heart rate monitor was not begun until 4:00 p.m. When asked if she charted when Dr. Ziegler entered the room and when she brought the monitor strips to his attention, she stated:

The next charting information was that Nurse Priestly took over the care of Johnson at 5:27. When asked if there was anyone with Johnson between 5:00, when she testified she left the room, and 5:27, Nurse Stephenson stated that nobody was in the room for a few minutes but that she probably did not just walk out right at 5:00. She could not explain why Nurse Priestly's notes indicated that Dr. Ziegler was in the room discussing the tubal ligation at 5:34, contrary to her unsupported testimony that Dr. Ziegler entered the room shortly after 4:00. She also testified that Johnson's husband was in the room that evening, when the record clearly reflects that he was in fact out of town on a trucking assignment.

Nurse Priestly testified she took over Johnson's care at around 5:30 and upon entering the room, she saw Dr. Ziegler sitting on the side of the bed going over a consent form. Regarding when she looked at the monitors, what she saw, and what Nurse Priestly said to Dr. Ziegler, she testified:

She testified that he next ordered Brethine to relax the uterus muscles so that the baby could get more blood flow during contractions. At 5:50 the baseline fetal heart rate fell to eighty with no variability, no accels, and no decels. At 5:55 Johnson was rolled into surgery, and an emergency C-section was performed at 6:00. She testified that if Dr. Ziegler had not been in the room when she arrived in the room at 5:34 and saw the monitor strips, she would have "applied oxygen, called him and probably been drawing up some Brethine while [she] was calling him."

Finally, the expert testimony of Drs. Pena-Miches, Hardin, Katz, and Wilson established that the hospital was responsible for staffing the obstetrical unit with nurses trained and capable of reading and interpreting the monitors and that physicians depend on the hospital staff in such situations to carry out their orders to monitor the patient and report immediately any abnormalities which could indicate problems or issues with the mother or child.

The preceding review of the testimony indicates there is a factual basis for the jury to find that Morehouse fell below the standard of care in failing to report the abnormalities on the fetal heart tracings and that this failure caused injury to Garrett. First, with the exception of Nurse Stephenson, all of the testimony and evidence presented established that Dr. Ziegler arrived at Johnson's hospital room sometime between 5:00 and 5:30 p.m., with Nurse Priestly's notes specifically stating that Dr. Ziegler was seated at her bedside at 5:34 p.m. when she first walked into the room. Nurse Stephenson's testimony that Dr. Ziegler arrived in the room while she was inserting Johnson's IV, which would have been approximately 4:00 p.m., was discredited by Johnson and Dr. Ziegler's testimony that he did not arrive until after 5:00. It is further discredited by Nurse Priestley's testimony that she first alerted Dr. Ziegler to the monitor readings at 5:34, and Johnson's testimony that once Dr. Ziegler arrived in the room, he immediately saw the monitor and things shifted into an emergency status. Further, it is simply implausible to believe that Dr. Ziegler would arrive in Johnson's room and sit at her bedside for one and one-half hours doing nothing but go over a consent form for a tubal ligation. Second, Dr. Hardin testified that the monitor recordings showed Johnson was placed on the monitor at 3:47 and at that time, the strips showed the baby in critical condition, with no beat to beat variation. Dr. Wilson's testimony was that Johnson was placed on the monitor at 4:00 and the flat line, i.e., no beat to beat variations, began at 4:35. Nurse Stephenson stated that the strips showed a lack of variation on the beat to beat ratio when Johnson was placed on the monitor, although it is unclear if this was at 3:47 or 4:00. What is clear is that, regardless of whether the monitor was started at 3:47 or 4:00, the flat line was present at 4:35 at the very latest. Drs. Ziegler, Hardin, and Wilson and Nurse Stephenson testified that lack of beat to beat variation indicates the baby is potentially in a critical state that needs to be immediately evaluated. Dr. Wilson testified that the strips would then need to be reviewed to make sure of a pattern indicating the baby is critical. Drs. Wilson, Hardin and Ziegler testified that an emergent C-section would need to be performed at that time. While Nurse Stephenson testified she did not need to alert Dr. Ziegler to the abnormalities on the strips because he was in the room at that time, the overwhelming majority of the evidence indicates that Dr. Ziegler was not in the room at that time. Thus, the jury had a reasonable factual basis to find that the monitor readings showed abnormalities indicating the baby was critical by at latest 4:35, that these abnormalities were not reported to Dr. Ziegler by the nurses although the standard of care required that they do so, that Dr. Ziegler did not arrive in the room until almost an hour later, and that had Dr. Ziegler been alerted to the readings he would have come immediately over and ordered a C-section and the baby could possibly been delivered in a healthy state. For these reasons, we find the jury's verdict that Morehouse committed medical malpractice in failing to timely report the abnormalities on the fetal heart rate monitor strips and that this caused injury to Garrett was not manifest error.

The jury's finding that Dr. Ziegler was negligent but that his negligence was not a superceding cause of the damages and its apportionment of fault

The jury found that Dr. Ziegler's conduct fell below the applicable standard of care in his treatment of Johnson and caused damage to Garrett and that his negligence was not a superceding cause of Garrett's injuries. The jury apportioned 80% of the fault to Morehouse and 20% of the fault to Dr. Ziegler. The court of appeal found Dr. Ziegler's negligence in failing to schedule a C-section after being notified that the lungs were mature was a superceding cause of Garrett's injuries. 27 So.3d at 1093. The court of appeal reapportioned fault, with 20% to Morehouse and 80% to Dr. Ziegler.

Morehouse argued at trial that Dr. Ziegler was negligent in his treatment of Johnson and that his negligence was the sole cause of Garrett's injuries. Specifically, Morehouse argued that Dr. Ziegler's conduct fell below the standard of care because he forgot about the lab tests he ordered on the amniotic fluid, when he received the results he did not act quickly enough in delivering the baby, and that he was in the room at 4:00 when the fetal monitoring strips began to show the baby was critical. Therefore, the nurses had no duty to notify him of the abnormalities on the strip.16 The plaintiffs also argue that the court of appeal erred in substituting its own judgment in reassessing fault 80% to Dr. Ziegler and 20% to Morehouse

Dr. Wilson testified regarding Dr. Ziegler's conduct throughout this three-day period and the actions Dr. Ziegler should have taken. In interpreting Johnson's chart from the night of November 3, he stated the following:

Dr. Wilson noted that Dr. Ziegler's notes from that day stated "[s]till waiting amniotic fluid studies on baby from Tuesday amnio . . . Would like to deliver ASAP if fetal lung maturity acceptable since she is a diabetic." In reviewing Dr. Ziegler's testimony, Dr. Wilson noted that when questioned as to whether he reviewed the fetal heart rate strip on the night of the 3rd, Dr. Ziegler answered that he counts on his nursing staff to look at and interpret the strip, and that he did not look at the strip that night. When asked what he would have done, Dr. Wilson answered:

Dr. Wilson testified that after being notified by phone on the night of the 3rd that there were no accels or decels, instead of allowing Johnson to go home, he would have either been prompted to check on the lab results so he could perform a C-section that night or would have done a bio-physical profile and kept her overnight if it was six out of ten or below. Once Dr. Ziegler received the results on the 4th, he should have delivered the baby "ASAP" like he charted he was going to do from the beginning. Finally, as to the standard of care, Dr. Wilson testified:

In addition, he testified that if Dr. Ziegler was concerned about delivering the baby because of fetal lung immaturity, he could have transferred the patient to a facility that had an NICU unit or to Shreveport which offers a higher level of obstetrical care, and another doctor would have been responsible at that point.

So, in Dr. Wilson's opinion, Dr. Ziegler's conduct fell below the standard of care in that he did not at least look at the fetal heart monitor the night of the 3rd, nor did he call the lab to check on the results which he needed "ASAP," nor did he do another bio-physical profile to reassure himself, nor did he transfer Johnson to another facility where she and the baby could have received more specialized care in case the baby had to be delivered with concern over the fetal lung maturity. Further, Dr. Wilson's testimony provided a reasonable factual basis for the jury to find that Dr. Ziegler's conduct fell below the standard of care because once he received the results on the 4th, he should have "acted on them in the manner he planned on acting on them in the beginning," i.e., "deliver ASAP if fetal lung maturity acceptable since she is a diabetic." Regarding causation, the jury could have reasonably relied on the testimony of Dr. Pena-Miches that "the patient was okay at Dr. Ziegler's office on November 4th and that the problems developed soon before his birth." Based on the sum of this testimony, the jury was not manifestly erroneous in finding that "Dr. Ziegler fell below the applicable standard of care in his treatment of Belinda Johnson" and that "this failure cause[d] loss, injury, or damage to Garrett Johnson."

However, the jury found Dr. Ziegler's malpractice was not a superceding cause of Garrett's injuries, although they apportioned 20% of the fault to Dr. Ziegler. It is unclear from reading the jury verdict form whether the jury found Dr. Ziegler negligent in relation to his treatment of Johnson on November 3 and during the office visit of November 4 wherein he failed to order an immediate C-section, or whether the jury found he was at Johnson's hospital bedside at 4:00 and therefore negligent because he did not order a C-section until 6:00. We have already found that it was manifest error for the jury to find Morehouse's negligence in failing to timely report the results of the L/S ratio and PG tests was a cause of Garrett's injuries because Dr. Ziegler did not order an immediate C-section even after receiving the results. We have also found that the record supports the jury's finding that Morehouse was negligent in failing to timely notify Dr. Ziegler of the abnormal test strip readings and that this was a cause of Garrett's injuries, partly because the record supports a finding that Dr. Ziegler was not in the room at 4:00 as claimed by Nurse Stephenson. Thus, it is within these parameters that we will analyze Dr. Ziegler's conduct.

The court of appeal found Dr. Ziegler's conduct in failing to order a C-section immediately upon receiving the lab results was a superceding cause of Garrett's injuries. A superceding or intervening cause is one which comes into play after the defendant's negligent conduct has ceased, but before the plaintiff suffers injury. Adams v. Rhodia, Inc., 07-2110 (La.5/21/08), 983 So.2d 798, 808 (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 440 (1965); 1 DAN B. DOBBS, THE LAW OF TORTS § 186 (2001)). In situations in which there is an intervening force that comes into play to produce the plaintiff's injury (or more than one cause of an accident), it has generally been held that the initial tortfeasor will not be relieved of the consequences of his or her negligence unless the intervening cause superceded the original negligence and alone produced the injury. Id. (citing Arcadian Corporation v. Olin Corporation, 01-1060 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/8/02), 824 So.2d 396, 405,) writ denied, 02-1930 (La.10/25/02), 827 So.2d 1174; Mendoza v. Mashburn, 99-499 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/10/99), 747 So.2d 1159, 1168, writ denied, 00-0037 (La.2/18/00), 754 So.2d 976; Domingue v. State Department of Public Safety, 490 So.2d 772, 775 (La.App. 3 Cir.1986). If the original tortfeasor could or should have reasonably foreseen that the accident might occur, he or she will be liable notwithstanding the intervening cause. Id. In sum, foreseeable intervening forces are within the scope of the original risk, and hence of the original tortfeasor's negligence. Id. (citing Miller v. Louisiana Gas Service Co., 601 So.2d 700, 705 (La.App. 5 Cir.), writs denied, 604 So.2d 999 (La.1992), 604 So.2d 1001 (La. 1992) (citing PROSSER AND KEETON, LAW OF TORTS (4th ed.1971) at 273-74, 288)).

The record reflects that had he scheduled a C-section promptly after receiving the results, Garrett most likely would have been healthy. In this case, the hospital could not have foreseen that after receiving the results of lab test that Dr. Ziegler was awaiting in order to immediately schedule a C-section in the event the results showed the lungs were mature, that Dr. Ziegler would nonetheless wait nine hours before scheduling the C-section. In that nine hours, the baby's condition became critical. Therefore, as it relates to Morehouse's conduct in not timely reporting the results of the amniotic fluid tests, the court of appeal found Dr. Ziegler's negligence was a superceding cause of the resulting damages. However, this is a difficult case because a superceding cause is technically the last act of negligence and is usually determined to be the sole cause of the injury. Here, a second act of negligence, that of the nurses not alerting Dr. Ziegler to the abnormalities on the fetal heart rate monitor strips, was also a cause of Garrett's injuries and occurred after Dr. Ziegler's acts of negligence. Thus, in this case, Morehouse committed two acts of negligence, and Dr. Ziegler's conduct could possibly be a superceding cause as to the first act, but not the second act. Therefore, the jury was correct in finding Dr. Ziegler's negligence was not a superceding cause of the injuries, because if they had that would have resulted in 100% of the fault being attributed to Dr. Ziegler. There is a reasonable factual basis in the record for the jury's attributing fault to both Morehouse and Dr. Ziegler. There is evidence that had Dr. Ziegler performed an immediate C-section after learning the lungs were mature, the baby could have had a healthy outcome. However, this evidence also supports a finding that even if a C-section had been performed as soon as Johnson was admitted and the strips were abnormal, that the baby may still have had a healthy outcome. Thus each act caused Garrett to suffer damage. As we have stated, "there can be and frequently is more than one cause of a plaintiff's damages." Hall v. Brookshire, 02-2404 (La.6/27/03), 848 So.2d 567, 576. As both Morehouse and Dr. Ziegler committed medical malpractice and both contributed to Garrett's injuries, La. C.C. art. 2323 applies and the degree of fault of each must be determined and fault apportioned. Miller v. LAMMICO, 07-1352 (La.1/16/08), 973 So.2d 693, 705 ("It is well-settled that the comparative fault regime applies to liability based on medical malpractice.")

In light of our reversal of the jury's finding that Morehouse's fault in not timely transmitting the results of the L/S ratio and PG tests was a cause of Garrett's injuries, the jury's apportionment of 80% fault to Morehouse cannot stand. Pursuant to Clement v. Frey, 95-1119, 95-1163 (La.1/16/96), 666 So.2d 607, after an appellate court finds a "clearly wrong" apportionment of fault, it should adjust the award, but only to the highest or lowest point respectively which is reasonably within the trier of fact's discretion. Brewer v. Hunt, 09-1408, 09-1428 (La.3/16/10), 35 So.3d 230, 244. The factors enunciated in Watson v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Insurance Co., 469 So.2d 967 (La.1985), are applicable to this determination. Clement, supra at 611. In Watson, this Court set out the factors that may influence the degree of fault assigned as follows: (1) whether the conduct resulted from inadvertence or involved an awareness of the danger; (2) how great a risk was created by the conduct; (3) the significance of what was sought by the conduct; (4) the capacities of the actor, whether superior or inferior; and (5) any extenuating circumstances which might require the actor to proceed in haste without proper thought. 469 So.2d at 974.

After considering these factors, we find that 50% is the highest amount of fault the trial court could have reasonably allocated to Morehouse, and 50% is the lowest amount of fault the trial court have reasonably allocated to Dr. Ziegler. Accordingly, we apportion 50% of the fault to Morehouse and 50% of the fault to Dr. Ziegler.

CONCLUSION

In this case, both the hospital and the doctor committed medical malpractice in their treatment of Belinda Johnson, and each act of malpractice was a cause of Garrett Johnson's injuries. While Morehouse fell below the standard of care in failing to timely report crucial lab reports to Dr. Ziegler relative to the maturity of Garrett's lungs, this act did not cause Garrett's injuries because Dr. Ziegler failed to perform the required action even after receiving the lab reports. Dr. Ziegler's failure to order the C-section as soon as possible after receiving the test results constituted medical malpractice which contributed to Garrett's injuries. Morehouse again committed malpractice when its staff failed to notify Dr. Ziegler of abnormalities on the fetal heart rate monitor strips, abnormalities which would have alerted Dr. Ziegler of Garrett's critical condition. This was another cause of Garrett's injuries given the dramatic decline in Garrett's heart rate between the time Dr. Ziegler should have been notified and the time he was actually notified. Because of our ruling that the trial court was clearly wrong in finding Morehouse's failure to notify Dr. Ziegler of the lab results caused Garrett's injuries, we reallocate fault pursuant to Clement, supra, and find that fault should be apportioned equally between Morehouse and Dr. Ziegler.

DECREE

For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the court of appeal is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and judgment is hereby entered assessing Morehouse General Hospital with 50% of the fault.

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; RENDERED

JOHNSON, Justice, dissents for reasons assigned by GUIDRY, J.

KNOLL, Justice, dissents in part and concurs in part and assigns reasons.

GUIDRY, Justice, dissents and assigns reasons.

CIACCIO, Justice, concurs.

KNOLL, Justice, dissenting in part and concurring in part.

In this case riddled with inconsistencies and conflicts in both the expert testimony and the documentary evidence, including admittedly substandard charting by the nursing staff, the credibility determinations necessary to resolve the factual issues of both negligence and causation fell within the sound discretion of the jury. Under the manifest error doctrine, their findings in such circumstances "can virtually never be manifestly erroneous." Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 845 (La.1989). However, in clear breach of this well-established standard, the majority opinion concludes the jury erred in finding the hospital's negligence in failing to promptly convey the positive amniotic fluid test results to the ordering physician, Dr. Ziegler, caused Garrett's injuries. Based on my review of the record evidence in its entirety, I respectfully dissent from the majority's finding in this regard and its corresponding reallocation of fault, but concur in its affirmation of the jury's findings on all remaining issues of negligence and causation for the following reasons.

As the majority opinion concedes, the overwhelming expert testimony demonstrates the hospital's failure to follow Dr. Ziegler's explicit orders and report the results of the "never routine" amniotic fluid tests, i.e., that Garrett's lungs were mature, and its failure to have in place a policy or procedure for delivering such results on the day received fell well below the applicable standard of care. The issue of whether the hospital's negligence in this regard caused the harm suffered, however, was highly disputed, even though the defense put on no direct evidence regarding causation. Nevertheless, both Dr. Pena-Miches, Garrett's tending pediatric neurologist, and Dr. Hardin testified, even on re-direct, this negligence substantially contributed to Garrett's injuries. Moreover, Dr. Katz testified the hospital is at fault for its nurses' and lab's failure to convey vitally ordered information to the ordering physician and this failure can and unfortunately did inevitably lead to injury in this tragic circumstance. Although the majority opinion essentially disregards their testimony because the evidence showed the baby was "fine" until shortly before delivery, my reading of the expert testimony and documentary evidence in its entirety does not comport with the majority's view, but rather would support the jury's determination.

In my view, given (1) the status of the pregnancy as high-risk and the mother as an insulin-dependent diabetic, (2) the presentation of the mother on November 1, with concerns the baby was not "moving" for several days and then with contractions on the evening of November 3, coupled with (3) Garrett's four out of ten rating on his biophysical profile on November 4, and (4) Dr. Ziegler's charted desire to deliver the baby as soon as reasonably possible, the jury could have reasonably concluded both the pregnancy and the baby's health were at risk of intrauterine distress, particularly within the last few weeks of gestation. Likewise, the jury could have reasonably concluded the baby, although not critical or crashing, i.e., dying, was sick, and any delay in delivery, including the "repeated" failure to promptly notify the ordering physician, i.e., within "an hour to half hour" of receipt of the results indicating the lungs were mature, increased the risk of harm and, consequently, was a substantial contributing factor to Garrett's overall injuries, not just the devastating damage to his brain stem. The evidence further does show that, had Dr. Ziegler had the results or had the nurses been able to access the results on the computer at his request on the evening of November 3, 1999, when the mother presented at the hospital with contractions, he could and would have delivered the baby that evening. Likewise, the evidence shows Dr. Wilson, in a similar situation, would have delivered that evening as well.

This is unquestionably a case where the factfinder's findings were based on its decision to credit the testimony of one of two or more witnesses in light of its observation of the entirety of live testimony. I find the record evidence easily supports a reasonable basis for the jury's factual conclusions as well as it allocation of 80% fault to the hospital for its repeated and blatant acts of malpractice in not promptly notifying the treating physician of (1) the positive lab test results or (2) the abnormalities in the fetal heart monitor tracings. Its verdict should not be amended simply because the majority finds another award would have been more reasonable.

I understand and appreciate the reality that many times we would have judged the case differently had we been the trier of fact, but this is not our function as a reviewing court. A reviewing court cannot disturb an award because it would have judged the case differently. The manifest error doctrine is not so easily broached. Rarely do we find a reasonable basis does not exist in cases with conflicting views. We have repeatedly noted "it is not hard to prove a reasonable basis for a finding, which makes the manifest error doctrine so very difficult to breach, and this is precisely the function of the manifest error review." Menard v. Lafayette Ins. Co., 09-1869, pp. 21-22 (La.3/16/10), 31 So.3d 996, 1011. A reviewing court only has the "cold record" for its consideration while the trier of fact has the "warm blood" of all the litigants before it. This is why the trier of fact's findings are accorded the great deference inherently embodied in the manifest error doctrine. As often recited by this Court, "it should be a rare day finding a manifest error breach when two opposing views are presented to the trier of fact." Id.

Therefore, with the deference accorded by law, I would reinstate the jury's verdict in its entirety. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority's holding to the contrary, but concur in the majority's affirmation of the jury's findings on the remaining issues of negligence and causation.

GUIDRY, Justice, dissents with reasons.

I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. Under the manifest error standard of review, the appellate court is not to substitute its opinion for that of the jury. Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder's choice between them cannot be manifestly erroneous. S.J. v. Lafayette Parish School Bd., 09-2195, p. 12 (La.7/6/10), 41 So.3d 1119, 1127. The credibility determinations of the trier of fact are subject to the strictest deference under the manifest error—clearly wrong standard. Id. at 4, 41 So.3d at 1128.

In this case, the jury's findings were based on credibility determinations and supported by permissible views of the evidence. Although Dr. Ziegler's credibility was at issue, his testimony that he would have delivered the baby on the night of November 3, 1999, if he had been given the relevant test results, was not contradicted. The jury considered all of the evidence presented and decided that Morehouse had fallen below the applicable standard of care in several respects, that the hospital's failings caused or contributed to the plaintiffs' injuries, and that Dr. Ziegler's negligence was not a superceding cause of those injuries.

Under the manifest error standard of review, the jury's determinations in this case are not clearly wrong. Accordingly, the court of appeal decision should be reversed and the jury verdict reinstated.